Soak the cashews: Place the cashews in a bowl and cover with boiling water. Let soak for 15 minutes, then drain well.
Cook the pasta: Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Cook the pasta until just shy of al dente according to the package directions. Reserve 1 cup of pasta water, then drain.
Blend the sauce: Add the soaked cashews, garlic, plant milk, nutritional yeast, lemon juice, salt, black pepper, and nutmeg to a blender. Blend on high for 1 to 2 minutes, scraping down the sides once, until completely smooth and creamy.
Warm the sauce: Melt the vegan butter in a large skillet over medium heat. Pour in the blended cashew sauce and bring it to a gentle simmer.
Thicken: Cook the sauce for 3 to 4 minutes, stirring frequently, until it thickens enough to coat the back of a spoon. If it becomes too thick, add a splash of reserved pasta water.
Add the pasta: Add the drained pasta directly to the skillet. Toss well until every strand is coated in the Alfredo sauce.
Adjust the consistency: Add reserved pasta water a little at a time until the sauce reaches a smooth, silky consistency that clings to the pasta.
Serve: Taste and adjust the salt and pepper. Serve immediately with fresh parsley, extra black pepper, and vegan Parmesan if desired.